Tag: tuning

nmon for linux (Fedora 12, x86_64)

At my current client site, I use AIX on IBM PowerPC kit. There is a neat little systems monitoring tool called “nmon” on AIX, which I quite like. I noticed recently that it’s available on Linux now, so I installed it on my machine, which runs Fedora 12. There are a number Some studies suggest that men who have made lifestyle improvements experience increased cialis sale rates of success with oral medications. Should I tell my mate I am using a supplement such as this? We are all for open communication and for some couples the joy of testing a modern sexual enhancer is a certain turn-on! For some women, achieving orgasm becomes difficult cialis lowest prices even after sufficient sexual arousal and be prepared for dependable sex. One just viagra 100mg sildenafil needs to place the soft pills over the tongue to get instantly melt. Take regularly these capsules to get rid of the health disorders resulted due to the malfunction of stomach order cheap viagra http://greyandgrey.com/stuart-s-muroff/ acids. of binaries prebuilt, but not for Fedora 12 on x86_64, so I downloaded the code, followed the instructions and compiled a binary which works fine.

It shows a number of useful metrics for CPU, memory, disk, network etc…if you use nmon, but didn’t know it was available for linux, well, now you do.

No pruning for MIN/MAX of partition key column

Recently, I wanted to work out the maximum value of a column on a partitioned table. The column I wanted the maximum value for, happened to be the (single and only) partition key column. The table in question was range partitioned on this single key column, into monthly partitions for 2009, with data in all the partitions behind the current date, i.e. January through mid June were populated. There were no indexes on the table.

NOTE – I tried this on 10.2.04 (AIX) and 11.1.0 (Fedora 11) – the example below is from 11.1.0.

I’ll recreate the scenario here:

CREATE TABLESPACE tsp1
datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/T111/tsp1.dbf' size 100M 
autoextend off extent management local  uniform size 1m segment space management auto online
/
CREATE TABLESPACE tsp2
datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/T111/tsp2.dbf' size 100M 
autoextend off extent management local  uniform size 1m segment space management auto online
/

DROP TABLE test PURGE
/
CREATE TABLE test(col_date_part_key DATE NOT NULL
,col2 VARCHAR2(2000) NOT NULL
)
PARTITION BY RANGE(col_date_part_key)
(PARTITION month_01 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-FEB-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp1
,PARTITION month_02 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-MAR-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_03 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-APR-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_04 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-MAY-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_05 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-JUN-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_06 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-JUL-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_07 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-AUG-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_08 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-SEP-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_09 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-OCT-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_10 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-NOV-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_11 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-DEC-2009′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
,PARTITION month_12 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(’01-JAN-2010′,’DD-MON-YYYY’)) TABLESPACE tsp2
)
/
REM Insert rows, but only up to 14-JUN-2009
INSERT INTO test(col_date_part_key,col2)
SELECT TO_DATE(’31-DEC-2008′,’DD-MON-YYYY’) + l
, LPAD(‘X’,2000,’X’)
FROM (SELECT level l FROM dual CONNECT BY level < 166)
/
COMMIT
/
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM test
/
SELECT MIN(col_date_part_key) min_date
, MAX(col_date_part_key) max_date
FROM test
/

This runs and gives the following output:

DROP TABLE test PURGE                                               
           *                                                        
ERROR at line 1:                                                    
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

DROP TABLESPACE tsp1 INCLUDING CONTENTS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00959: tablespace ‘TSP1’ does not exist

DROP TABLESPACE tsp2 INCLUDING CONTENTS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00959: tablespace ‘TSP2’ does not exist

Tablespace created.

Tablespace created.

Table created.

165 rows created.

Commit complete.

COUNT(*)
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165

MIN_DATE MAX_DATE
——— ———
01-JAN-09 14-JUN-09

Now, lets see what the plan looks like from AUTOTRACE when we run the following query to get the maximum value of COL_DATE_PART_KEY:

SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON
SQL> SELECT MAX(col_date_part_key) min_date
  2  FROM   test                           
  3  /

MIN_DATE
———
14-JUN-09

Execution Plan
———————————————————-
Plan hash value: 784602781

———————————————————————————————
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | Pstart| Pstop |
———————————————————————————————
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 9 | 99 (0)| 00:00:02 | | |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 9 | | | | |
| 2 | PARTITION RANGE ALL| | 132 | 1188 | 99 (0)| 00:00:02 | 1 | 12 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | TEST | 132 | 1188 | 99 (0)| 00:00:02 | 1 | 12 |
———————————————————————————————

Note
—–
– dynamic sampling used for this statement

Statistics
———————————————————-
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
320 consistent gets
51 physical reads
0 redo size
527 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
524 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed

SQL> SET AUTOTRACE OFF

It shows a full scan of all twelve partitions. I figured that the the plan for such a query would show a full table scan, of all partitions for that table – because, in theory, if all but the first partition were empty, then the whole table would have to be scanned to answer the query – and Oracle wouldn’t know at plan creation time, whether the data met this case, so it would have to do the full table scan to ensure the correct result.

What I thought might happen though, is that in executing the query, it would be able to short circuit things, by working through the partitions in order, from latest to earliest, and finding the first, non null, value. Once it found the first, non null, value, it would know not to continue looking in the earlier partitions, since the value of COL_DATE_PART_KEY couldn’t possibly be greater than the non null value already identified.

It doesn’t appear to have this capability, which we can check by taking one of the partitions offline and then rerunning the query, whereupon it complains that not all the data is present…

SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE tsp1 OFFLINE;

Tablespace altered.

SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON
SQL> SELECT MAX(col_date_part_key) min_date
2 FROM test
3 /
SELECT MAX(col_date_part_key) min_date
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00376: file 6 cannot be read at this time
ORA-01110: data file 6: ‘/u01/app/oracle/oradata/T111/tsp1.dbf’

SQL> SET AUTOTRACE OFF

So, even though we know we could actually answer this question accurately, Oracle can’t do it as it wants to scan, unnecessarily, the whole table.

I did find a thread which somebody had asked about this on OTN, but all the responses were about workarounds, rather than explaining why this happens (bug/feature) or how it can be made to work in the way I, or the poster of that thread, think it, perhaps, should.

Can anyone else shed any light on this? If it’s a feature, then it seems like something that could be easily coded more efficiently by Oracle. The same issue would affect both MIN and MAX since both could be
approached in the same manner.

TPC-H Query 20 and optimizer_dynamic_sampling

I was working with Jason Garforth today on creating a TPC-H benchmark script which we can run on our warehouse to initially get a baseline of performance, and then, from time to time, rerun it to ensure things are still running with a comparable performance level.

This activity was on our new warehouse platform of an IBM Power 6 p570 with 8 dual core 4.7GHz processors, 128GB RAM and a 1.6GB/Sec SAN.

Jason created a script to run the QGEN utility to generate the twenty two queries that make up the TPC-H benchmark and also a “run script” to then run those queries against the target schema I had created using some load scripts I talked about previously.

The whole process seemed to be running smoothly with queries running through in a matter of seconds, until query twenty went off the scale and started taking ages. Excluding the 20th query, everything else went through in about three to four minutes, but query twenty was going on for hours, with no sign of completing.

We grabbed the actual execution plan and noticed that all the tables involved had no stats gathered. In such circumstances, Oracle (10.2.0.4 in this instance) uses dynamic sampling to take a quick sample of the table in order to come up with an optimal plan for each query executed.

The database was running with the default value of 2 for optimizer_dynamic_sampling.

After reading the TPC-H specification, it doesn’t say that stats should or should not be gathered, but obviously in gathering them, there would be a cost to doing so and, depending on the method of gathering and the volume of the database, the cost could be considerable. It would be interesting to hear from someone who actually runs audited TPC-H benchmarks to know whether they gather table stats or whether they use dynamic sampling…

We decided we would gather the stats, just to see if the plan changed and the query executed any faster…it did, on both counts, with the query finishing very quickly, inline with the other twenty one queries in the suite.

So, our options then appeared to include, amongst other things:

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  1. Gather the table stats. We’d proved this worked.
  2. Change the optimizer_dynamic_sampling level to a higher value and see if it made a difference.
  3. Manually, work out why the plan for the query was wrong, by analysis of the individual plan steps in further detail and then use hints or profiles to force the optimizer to “do the right thing”.

We decided to read a Full Disclosure report of a TPC-H benchmark for a similar system to see what they did. The FDR included a full listing of the init.ora of the database in that test. The listing showed that the system in question had set optimizer_dyamic_sampling to 3 instead of the default 2…we decided to try that approach and it worked perfectly.

In the end, given we’re not producing actual audited benchmarks then we’re free to wait for the gathering of optimizer stats, so we’ll go with that method, but it was interesting to see that option 2 above worked as well and illustrates the point that there is a lot of useful information to be gleaned from reading the FDRs of audited benchmarks – whilst, of course, being careful to read them with a pinch of salt, since they are not trying to run your system.

Another thing of interest was that in order to get the DBGEN utility to work on AIX 6.1 using the gcc compiler, we had to set an environment variable as follows otherwise we got an error when running DBGEN (also applies to QGEN too):

Set this:

export LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0x80000000@LARGE_PAGE_DATA=Y

otherwise you may get this:

exec(): 0509-036 Cannot load program dbgen because of the following errors:
0509-026 System error: There is not enough memory available now.

Scripts for loading up DBGEN TPC-H data

If you’re interested in creating a TPC-H schema for testing purposes, then the following scripts may be of use to you:

Unix Scripts:
Multi Load TPCH
Load TPCH Stream

SQL*Loader Control files:
REGION Table
NATION Table
SUPPLIER Table
CUSTOMER Table
PART Table
PARTSUPP Table
ORDERS Table
LINEITEM Table

You may wish to read and check them before you use them – they’re not exactly rocket science but they seem to do the job.

I have all the files in the same directory for simplicity sake.

I then use them to create a scale factor 1 target TPC-H schema using the following calls:

# “l” loads the REGION and NATION tables
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# “s” loads the SUPPLIER table
./multi_load_tpch.sh 1 s “tpch/tpch@test” 10

# “c” loads the CUSTOMER table
./multi_load_tpch.sh 1 c “tpch/tpch@test” 10

# “p” loads the PART and PARTSUPP tables
./multi_load_tpch.sh 1 p “tpch/tpch@test” 10

# “o” loads the ORDERS and LINEITEM tables
./multi_load_tpch.sh 1 o “tpch/tpch@test” 10

Obviously, you need to change the connection string to match your environment.

Caveats:

  1. Obviously, they are supplied as is – use at your own discretion and risk.
  2. You need to have created the target schema tables and made sure they are empty as the SQL*Loader control files use APPEND.
  3. Bear in mind that choosing too high a number of parallel streams (the last parameter in the calls) will overload your machine so try and balance it against the available system resources.

Bugs, issues or questions, please get in touch…enjoy.

Creating a TPC-H schema with DBGEN on HP-UX

I wanted to try out this HammerOra product from Steve Shaw, both at work and on my box at home…but after playing with it at home, I realised that it takes quite some time to build even a small (scale factor 1) TPC-H schema…I know it runs serially, but I’m still not quite sure why it’s that slow (on my system that is), but Steve does say it can take a while and that you might wish to consider using the TPC utility DBGEN to generate and load the schema quicker…particularly if you use some manual parallelisation.

Given that I also need to use this tool to help with some benchmarking at work, I decided to try to get DBGEN to run on a HP-UX box today and had one or two problems which I managed to sort out. The machine in question is an RP8420 running HP-UX B.11.11.

DBGEN is a utility that allows you to create a series of flat files which contain the data for a TPC-H schema. You can then use SQL*Loader to load these into appropriately constructed tables in an Oracle database – any database actually…but I only care about Oracle of course 😉

The utility can be called with various parameters including making the target datasets in smaller “child” files which can be created in a manually parallelised fashion to speed the whole process up. You have to download the DBGEN reference data set from the TPC website (lower right hand side).

This reference data set contains the ANSI C source code which makes the DBGEN executable (and QGEN also…but more on that another day)…unfortunately it’s just the source code, so that means you need to compile it yourself…which of course leads to the first problem…that I know diddly squat about C…yeah I know, not very manly! Luckily I can sometimes follow instructions (which come with the reference data set)…

1. Copy makefile.suite to makefile
2. Edit makefile and make the following amendments (in red):

 

################
## CHANGE NAME OF ANSI COMPILER HERE
################
CC = gcc
# Current values for DATABASE are: INFORMIX, DB2, TDAT (Teradata)
# SQLSERVER, SYBASE
# Current values for MACHINE are: ATT, DOS, HP, IBM, ICL, MVS,
# SGI, SUN, U2200, VMS, LINUX, WIN32
# Current values for WORKLOAD are: TPCH
DATABASE= ORACLE
MACHINE = HP
WORKLOAD = TPCH

That’s it for the makefile.

Now, as I mentioned, the ORACLE database is not a listed database variant in the DBGEN C code – it’s got all the other popular RDBMS which I find quite bizarre…I’m sure there’s a reason, but I can’t think of one. To get around this, as per Chapter 5 in “Pro Oracle Database 10g RAC on Linux” by Steve Shaw and Julian Dyke, I added a section to the tpcd.h for the ORACLE database:

 
#ifdef ORACLE
#define GEN_QUERY_PLAN “”
#define START_TRAN “”
#define END_TRAN “”
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#define SET_ROWCOUNT “”
#define SET_DBASE “”
#endif

I thought that was it – but it still would’t compile, giving the error:

config.h:213:2: #error Support for a 64-bit datatype is required in this release

Looking at the config.h – and bearing in mind I’m no C programmer – it struck me as odd that all bar the HP machine section, had stuff about DSS_HUGE and 64 bits…so I took a punt and copied some lines (in red) from the IBM section into the HP one to see if it worked…and it did. The HP section now looks like this:

 

#ifdef HP
#define _INCLUDE_POSIX_SOURCE
#define STDLIB_HAS_GETOPT
#define DSS_HUGE long long
#define HUGE_FORMAT “%lld”
#define HUGE_DATE_FORMAT “%02lld”
#define RNG_A 6364136223846793005ull
#define RNG_C 1ull
#endif /* HP */

Typing make at the command prompt then compiles the code and produces the dbgen executable…which I then spent a few hours playing with to create a scale factor 1 TPC-H set of files.

 

My next problem was one of my own making really in that I copied the CREATE TABLE statements for the TPC-H target tables from HammerOra’ TCL script for TPC-H creation, but unfortunately, the column ordering is slightly different in those DDL statements as compared to the DBGEN output files…which meant that I created the tables OK, but since I’d copied the column ordering to make the SQL*Loader control files, I got errors when I tried to load some of the files as the column order is different in one or two cases.

 

I then downloaded the TPC-H specification document which has, amongst other things, the data model, from which I cross checked the column ordering of the data model against the columns in the output files and then managed to rerun the data in without any further issues.

 

Tomorrow I’ll try running HammerOra against the target TPC-H schema and make some shell scripts to try and automate most of the process so we can build different scale factor schemae and do so in a manually parallelised fashion – scripts the amiable Scotsman created for his parallel testing a while back should give me a good start with that.

 

Problem with _gby_hash_aggregation_enabled parameter

Here’s a tale about an Oracle initialisation parameter…and a lesson we should all take note of…

For three days, my colleagues in the support team on one of the warehouses I’m involved in, were struggling with a piece of code which was exhausting the available temp space and after trying everything they could think of, they asked me to take a look. I must admit I was a little baffled at first because the piece of code in question had been happily running for some time now and every time I’d run it, I’d never noticed that TEMP was anywhere near being exhausted so, whilst I could tell the process had some kind of problem, I was in the dark as to exactly what that problem was.

After trying to break down the large query into several smaller steps, I realised that it was an early step in the query that was exhibiting the problem of temp exhaustion – the step being a pivot of around 300 million measure rows into a pivot target table.

This process runs monthly and it had run without issue on all of the previous 20 occurrences and for roughly the same, if not more rows to pivot…so it didn’t appear to be the volume that was causing the problem.

There had been no changes in the code itself for many months and the current version of the code had been run successfully in previous months, so it didn’t appear to be a code fault.

I obtained the actual execution path for the statement whilst it was running and it looked reasonable, although looking at it, triggered a thought in my mind…what if something had changed in the database configuration?

Why would I get that thought from looking at the execution path?

Well, a while back, we had received some advice that a line in our init.ora as follows, should be changed to set the feature to TRUE instead of FALSE, so that the feature became active:

_gby_hash_aggregation_enabled = FALSE

This results in a line in the plan that reads:
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HASH GROUP BY

instead of

SORT GROUP BY

The parameter was set to FALSE due to a known bug and the issues we’d seen with it, however the recent advice we’d received, indicated that the bug had been resolved at the version level we were on and that by enabling the feature – which enables GROUP BY and Aggregation using a hash scheme – we’d gain a performance boost for certain queries.

So, the DBA team researched the advice and it appeared to be the case, that the bug (4604970) which led to the disabling of the feature was fixed at our version level (10.2.0.3 on HP-UX). We duly turned on the feature in a pre production environment and ran it for a while without noticing any issues. We then enabled it in production and again, for a while, we’ve not noticed any issues…until now.

After a check back through the logs, it appeared that since the parameter was first enabled, the queries which were now failing, had not been run at all…they had only run prior to the parameter change…so with my suspicions aroused further, I disabled the feature at the session level and reran the process. It completed in a normal time frame and used a small amount of TEMP – hooray!

So, now we have to go back to support to try and understand if the original bug is not quite fixed or whether this is a different scenario…in any event, we’re going to disable the feature for now, even though we’re only getting problems with the feature on 2 processes out of perhaps thousands.

So, what’s the lesson to learn?

Well, quite simply, that you need to have a thorough audit of what configuration changes you’ve made together with a good audit of the processes you’ve run so that you can work out what has changed since the last time you successfully ran a process. This gives you a fighting chance of spotting things like the above.

CALIBRATE_IO Poll

After Doug’s comment on my earlier blog on CALIBRATE_IO, and after seeing Kevin using Mr Poll to do a RAC poll, I’ve now created a poll for the results people are getting from this CALIBRATE_IO routine in 11g.

If you’d like to contribute please visit using the following link:

Oracle 11g CALIBRATE_IO Results
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No prizes for the “biggest”…Kevin is bound to have something in his lab that beats us all! 😉

Thanks

11g IO Calibration tool

After reading how inadequate Doug was feeling over his IO subsystem, I decided to see how quick mine was…not that we’re getting into a “mine is better than yours” game, but rather to see how mine stacks up against Doug’s, bearing in mind his is a 5 disk stripe natively attached to his machine (I’m assuming) and mine is a logical disk attached to a VMWare machine…although admittedly, the PC underneath this logical disk is running, motherboard based, RAID striping, over two physical SATA disks…I just figured it would be interesting to compare.

Obviously, any experiment that goes flawlessly according to a preconceived plan is:

1. Boring
2. Less educational
3. Not normally one I’ve done – mine always have problems it seems!

I ran the calibration on my VMWare based OpenSuse 10 linux with Oracle 11g and it immediately came up with a problem:

SQL> @io
SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
2    lat  INTEGER;
3    iops INTEGER;
4    mbps INTEGER;
5  BEGIN
6  -- DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (, , iops, mbps, lat);
7     DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (2, 10, iops, mbps, lat);
8
9     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('max_iops = ' || iops);
10     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('latency  = ' || lat);
11     dbms_output.put_line('max_mbps = ' || mbps);
12  end;
13  /
DECLARE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-56708: Could not find any datafiles with asynchronous i/o capability
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_RMIN", line 453
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER", line 1153
ORA-06512: at line 7

Of course, consulting the manual led me to run this query:

SELECT name, asynch_io
FROM v$datafile f,v$iostat_file i
WHERE f.file#        = i.file_no
AND   filetype_name  = 'Data File'
/

which gave:
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SQL> /

NAME                                               ASYNCH_IO
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
/home/oracle/oradata/su11/system01.dbf             ASYNC_OFF
/home/oracle/oradata/su11/sysaux01.dbf             ASYNC_OFF
/home/oracle/oradata/su11/undotbs01.dbf            ASYNC_OFF
/home/oracle/oradata/su11/users01.dbf              ASYNC_OFF
/home/oracle/oradata/su11/example01.dbf            ASYNC_OFF

…or in other words no asynchronous IO available – as the error message had said.

After altering the filesystemio_options parameter to “set_all” and bouncing the instance, a second run of the calibration process seemed to work fine…

SQL> @io
SQL> SET ECHO ON
SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
2    lat  INTEGER;
3    iops INTEGER;
4    mbps INTEGER;
5  BEGIN
6  -- DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (, , iops, mbps, lat);
7     DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (2, 10, iops, mbps, lat);
8
9     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('max_iops = ' || iops);
10     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('latency  = ' || lat);
11     dbms_output.put_line('max_mbps = ' || mbps);
12  end;
13  /
max_iops = 72
latency  = 13
max_mbps = 26

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

So,my figures are considerably lower than those Doug achieved:

max_iops = 112
latency  = 8
max_mbps = 32

…but not too bad I guess considering the fact that mine is a VM and the hardware I’m running is more humble…no seriously, size does not matter!

11g PX tracefiles now have the tracefile identifier on them

Now that I’ve got 11g up and running on OpenSuse 10.2 on a VMWare 6 VM, I’ve had time to do some playing with the latest and greatest release and the first thing I’ve noticed, when running some of Doug’s PX test scripts, is that the trace files generated for PX slaves now have the Tracefile Identifier appended to their name, making it easier to see which OS Process (PID) was responsible for the creation of the trace file – makes things a little easier and clearer.

In 10gR2 (10.2.0.2.0 specifically) the trace files would come out with names in this format:

__.trc

e.g. fred_p001_6789.trc

In 11gR1 (11.1.0.6.0 specifically) the trace files come out with names in this format:
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e.g. fred_p001_5678_jeff.trc

This assumes you’ve set the tracefile identifier in the first place, otherwise that bit won’t be present. Use the following to set it, choosing whatever identifier you require of course:

alter session set tracefile_identifier='jeff';

It was interesting that the location of such files has also changed due to the implementation of Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR). More information on that here.

ORA-07455 and EXPLAIN PLAN…and statements which, perhaps, shouldn’t run

I encountered a scenario today which I thought was strange in a number of ways…hence, irresistible to a quick blog post.

The scenario started with an end user of my warehouse emailing me a query that was returning an error message dialog box, warning the user before they ran the query, that they had insufficient resources to run said query – ORA-07455 to be precise.

I figured, either the query is one requiring significant resources – more resources than the user has access to, or the query has a suboptimal plan, whereby it thinks it will require more resources than they have access to.

To try and determine which, I logged into the same Oracle user as my end user and tried to get an explain plan of the query – so I could perhaps gauge whether there were any problems with the choice of execution path and whether the query was one which would indeed require significant resources.

The result was that it came back with the same error – which quite surprised me at first.

In using EXPLAIN PLAN, I wasn’t asking the database to actually run the query – merely to tell me what the likely execution path was for the query and yet, it appears to still do the checks on resource usage. At first, that seemed strange to me, in the sense that I wouldn’t be requiring those resources since, I’m not actually executing the statement, yet perhaps it does makes sense – or at least is consistent, because, for example, you don’t need access to all the objects in the query if you’re not going to actually execute it, yet quite rightly, the optimizer does checks as to whether you have the appropriate access permissions to each object as part of the EXPLAIN PLAN process.

That was educational point number one for me.

After logging in as another user with unlimited resource usage, I then reran the EXPLAIN PLAN and the statement was accepted and the plan returned…indicating an unpleasant rewrite of the query, and a very high anticipated cost – in excess of the limit for that end user.

That explained why the ORA-07455 was appearing for them, but highlighted an altogether different issue which perplexed me further. There follows a simple reconstruction of the query and explain plan results:

First the obligatory test script…

 

SET TIMING OFF
DROP TABLE tab1 PURGE
/
CREATE TABLE tab1
(col1 VARCHAR2(1))
/
DROP TABLE tab2 PURGE
/
CREATE TABLE tab2
(col2 VARCHAR2(1))
/
BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(ownname => USER
                            ,tabname => 'TAB1'
                            );
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(ownname => USER
                            ,tabname => 'TAB2'
                            );
END;
/
INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES('A')
/
INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES('B')
/
INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES('A')
/
INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES('B')
/
INSERT INTO tab2 VALUES('C')
/
INSERT INTO tab2 VALUES('D')
/
COMMIT
/
SET AUTOTRACE ON
SELECT *
FROM tab1
WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col1 FROM tab2)
/
SET AUTOTRACE OFF

 

Now the results…

 

Table dropped.

Connected.

Table dropped.


Table created.


Table dropped.


Table created.


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


1 row created.

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1 row created.


1 row created.


1 row created.


1 row created.


1 row created.


Commit complete.


C
-
A
B
A
B

4 rows selected.


Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4220095845

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation           | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT    |      |     1 |     2 |     4   (0)|00:00:01  |
|*  1 |  FILTER             |      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL | TAB1 |     1 |     2 |     2   (0)|00:00:01  |
|*  3 |   FILTER            |      |       |       |            |          |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| TAB2 |     1 |       |     2   (0)|00:00:01  |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - filter( EXISTS (SELECT /*+ */ 0 FROM "TAB2" "TAB2" WHERE
           :B1=:B2))
3 - filter(:B1=:B2)


Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
       1  recursive calls
       0  db block gets
      18  consistent gets
       0  physical reads
       0  redo size
     458  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
     381  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
       2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       0  sorts (memory)
       0  sorts (disk)
       4  rows processed

 

Now, when I first saw the query I thought, hang on a minute, COL1 does not exist in table TAB2 so this query should not even execute…but it does! I don’t think it should execute personally but according to the documentation, “Oracle resolves unqualified columns in the subquery by looking in the tables named in the subquery and then in the tables named in the parent statement.“, so it is operating as described in the manuals- even if, in my view, it’s a little odd since without a rewrite, the query is incapable of executing.

The query has been rewritten with an EXISTS approach – note the first FILTER statement in the “Predicate Information” section of the autotrace output. A bit like this:

 

SELECT a.*
FROM   tab1 a
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 0
           FROM   tab2 b
           WHERE  a.col1 = a.col1
          )
/

 

The subquery is always going to return a row, hence, for any row we select in the containing query, we will always get that row back, because the EXISTS will always find a match – it’s a bit like saying “WHERE TRUE” I guess.

Interestingly, my friend Jon first brought this scenario to my attention last week in various discussions with him and another of my colleagues, who is far more experienced than myself. To be fair, the experienced colleague is the source of a number of my blogging posts, but he’s painfully shy and will therefore remain nameless.

I was educated during that discussion, that this functionality is as advertised in the manuals – even if it doesn’t sit well with me. My closing line to my fellow debaters at the time, was that nobody would ever write SQL like that and if they did I’d tell them to rewrite it using aliases and so that it made sense – as is often the case in life though, the very next week, a real life user comes up with exactly that scenario – at least I was prepared!